Serum Levels of Anti Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase and Insulin Auto Antibodies in First Degree Relatives of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
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Abstract
Antibodies to Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (anti-GAD) and Insulin Auto Antibodies (IAA) mediate the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells and have been used to predict the risk of future development of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). These circulating antibodies are usually detected in body fluids and tissues several years before the onset of hyperglycemia. This helps in identifying individuals at risk of future development of DM thereby providing a good lead time for secondary preventive measures such as Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes to be introduced. This study determined the prevalence of Anti-GAD and IAA as a major risk factor for developing DM among First Degree Relatives (FDR) of DM patients in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out on 100 randomly selected FDR of individuals with DM in the diabetic clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH). Control group recruited were 100 apparently healthy subjects with no family history of DM. Anti-GAD and IAA were measured using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) based technique. GAD Ab levels >32 ng/mL and IAA levels >39 ng/ml were considered positive for Antibodies. Data obtained was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Anti-GAD and IAA were present in 81% (O.R= 1.9, 95% CI= 1.0-3.7, p= 0.050) and 66% (O.R= 1.9, 95% CI= 1.7-5.6), p <0.001) of FDR of DM patients compared to controls 69% and 34%. The mean level of Anti-GAD was also higher among the FDR of diabetics compared to controls (68.4±31.9 vs 45.3±22.4, p <0.001). The mean IAA level was also higher among the FDR of diabetics compared to controls (61.0±20.7 vs 51.8±11.7, p <0.001). This study demonstrated a high Anti-GAD and IAA positivity among first degree relatives of diabetics compared to controls underscoring the importance of screening for risk factors. Preventive measures like lifestyle changes can be appropriately applied among to slow the progression to diabetes mellitus.
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